Kingdom Plantae
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1. Phanerogams: Phanerogams are commonly called seed-producing plants. They produce special reproductive structures that are visible called flower.
e.g. Gymnosperm & Angiosperm
2. Cryptogams: Cryptogams are spore-producing plants and do not produce seeds and flowers. They reproduce sexually by gametes but sex organs are concealed.
e.g Algae, Bryophyte, and Pteridophyte.
3. Thallophyta: Members of this division possess thalloid plants body i.e not differentiated into the root, stem, and Leaves e.g Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, Chara, Spirogyra Sargassum.
4. Epiphytes: The plant which grows on the surface of another plant.
5. Epizoic: The plant or animal growing or living non-parasitically on the exterior of a living animal is called epizoic.
6. Chlorophyceae: These are green coloured algae which can be unicellular, colonial, filamentous Chloroblast is of various shapes e.g Chlorella, volvox, spirogyra, chara.
9. Phaeophyceae: These are brown coloured algae e.g Laminaria, sargassum, Ectocarpus, Fucus.
10. Frond: It is a long leaf which is often divided into parts along the edge of some plants or trees.
11. Hydrocolloid: The substance which forms a gel in presence of water is called hydrocolloid.
12. Rhodophyceae: These are red-coloured algae e.g Chondrus, Porphyra,, Gelidium, Gracillaria, Polysiphonia, Batrachospermum.
13. Bryophyta: Bryophytes are found in moist shady places. They need water for fertilization and completion of their life cycle. Hence they are called Amphibian plants.
14. Rhizoids: Bryophytes have a rootlike structure which absorbs water and minerals and also helps in the fixation of thallus on the substratum are called rhizoids.
15. Liverwort: These are lower members of Bryophyta. These are a primitive group of Bryophytes. e.g.Riccia, Marchantia.
16. Hornwort: These members possess flattened thallus. The thallus produces a horny structure which is called sporophytes hence the name hornwort. e.g.Anthoceros.
17. Mosses: These are advanced members of Bryophyta which possess erect plant body. The gametophytic phase of the life cycle includes the leafy stage. e.g. Funaria, Polytrichum, Sphagnum, etc.
18. Pteridophyte: First successful terrestrial plants with true roots, stem, and leaves.These plants have a primitive conducting system and they are the only Cryptogams with vascular tissues. e.g. Selginella, Nephrolepis, Azolla, Marsilea, Equisetum, Lycopodium, etc
19. Xylem: The water-conducting vessels of plants are called xylem.
20. Phloem: The food conducting vessels of plants are called phloem.
21. Gymnosperm: These are primitive groups of flowering plants producing naked seeds. Seeds are not covered by fruit i.e ovary. e.g. Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo.
22. Shrub: A woody plant which is smaller than a tree and has several main stems arising at or near the ground are called shrub
23. Mycorrhiza: The symbiotic association between green plants and fungi called mycorrhizae.
24. Angiospermae: It is the most advanced group of flowering plants. In these plants, the seeds are enclosed within the fruits.
25. Microspores/Pollens: These are formed in microsporangia of anthers.
26. Megaspores: Megaspores are formed in megasporangia or ovules which are borne on highly specialized megasporophyll called carpel.
27. Dicotyledonae: The angiosperms with two cotyledons in their embryos. They have a tap root systems and the stem is branched. e.g. Helianthus annus (sunflower), Hibiscus rosa-Sinensis (china rose).
28. Monocotyledonae: The angiosperms with single cotyledon in their embryo. They have an adventitious root system. e.g Zea mays(Maize), Sorghum Vulgare (Jowar).
29. Alternation of generation: Lifecycle of plants include two phases or distinct generations namely a sporophyte (diploid:2n) and gametophyte (haploid:n) These sporophytic and gametophytic generations generally occur alternately in the life cycle of a plant. This phenomenon is called alternation of generation.
